⑤
E. (2021). Where Does Toilet Water Go? (13 Stages). Retrieved 29
April 2021, from
https://www.sunrisespecialty.com/where-does-toilet-water-go. (Image 6) HebaHeba
The author (Emma) explains in the article where does the
toilet water goes after we flush it down. The process consists of two main
stages. The first stage is indoor, which breaks down into many small
steps, namely, the refill, the flush, the trap, and the drain. The second
stage is outdoor, and it breaks down into other stages such as odor
control, screening, primary treatment, aeration, sludge removal,
additional filtration, heating solid materials, disinfection, and release.
⑦
A brief resumé on Dr. Leticia Bode’s career, research interests and
links to get in touch with her and her personal website. Ladin
This study examines the evaluation of toilet’s architecture
until 2009. The thesis also illustrates the advantages and disadvantages
of the specific parts of toilets. The author particularly focuses on squat
and flushed toilets’ evaluation starting from ancient times to 2009.
Although Melda Genc, author, explains the toilets’ designs’ past with
details, the study needs some expansion regarding smart toilets.Genc looks
at Turkey’s geography (Anatolia), where many civilizations lived such as
Hittites, Frigs, Lidians, Ions, between 2000 B. C and 600 B. C.
Additionally, Anatolia was ruled by Romans, Byzantines, Seljuk‘s and
Ottomans. Each civilization left a different architectural infrastructure.
Today, what Turkish people use in the region (mainly squat, flushed, and
urine toilets) is a combination of many nations’ designs.
⑨
Grossi, V., Rechenburg, A., Shinee, E., & Schmoll, O. (2019).
Improving health and learning through better water, sanitation, and
hygiene in schools [Ebook]. Serbia: World Health Organization.
Retrieved from
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/hlpwater/13-
UniversalAccess.pdf. Heba
The authors discuss many problems facing humans concerning
water and their access to it in many countries. In each case, they show
the problem in such a country, list their recommendations and the
challenges that face progress, principles to approaching the issues, the
panel's contribution, and finally they show out finding and conclusion.
⑩
Herrera, E. (2020). ‘How does lack of access to toilets and poor
sanitation affect girls and women?’ – Centre for African Justice.
Retrieved 29 April 2021, from
http://centreforafricanjustice.org/how-does-lack-of-access-to-
toilets-and- poor-sanitation-affect-girls-and-women/ Heba
The author highlighted the danger women and girls face in
Africa due to their need just to go toilet. Such danger includes rape,
violence, different kinds of illnesses such as polio, diarrhea, intestine
worm, and hepatitis, among others. Also, women face many challenges,
especially during their period or pregnancy, which threatens their babies'
health and their livelihoods.
⑫
Molenbroek, Johan F.M, et al. Friendly Rest Room, Developing Toilets
of the Future for Disabled and Elderly People. vol. 27, IOS Press,
2011, Research Gate, www.researchgate.net/profile/Johan-
Molenbroek/publication/272575912_Friendly_Rest_Room_developing_toil
ets_of_the_future_for_disabled_and_elderly_people/links/5aa405c10f7e9
badd9a9ab30/Friendly-Rest-Room-developing-toilets-of-the-future-for-
disabled-and-elderly-people.pdf#page=289. Ladin
Oya Demirbilek, author, examines the squat toilets, which is
known in Turkey as Alla Turca toilet. She compares the squat toilet with
the sitting/flushed toilet and explains the advantages and disadvantages
of the squat toilet. The main aspects that she covers are health and
hygiene. The study reports that the design of squat toilets is healthier
than sitting or flushed toilets for humans. Regarding hygiene, due to the
design of the squat toilets, water does not sit in the bowl like the flush
toilet, so there is no way for a splash and touch dirty water on a person.
Squat toilets are also eco-friendly compared to the flushed toilets;
however, it does not trap the odor inside and for elderly or people who
have difficulties to balance might have disadvantages using the squat
toilets. Finally, Demirbilek examines not only the past designs of toilets
but also the futuristic squat and flushed toilets that Turkish designers
made.
